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Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. In the last couple of centuries we have developed many devices that use electricity to work for mankind.

By understanding the microstructure of conductors, semiconductors and insulators we have designed components and built electric circuits - lately miniaturising those components to make complex circuits on silicon 'chips'.

Many circuits are powered with 'mains electricity', but portable electrical devices must use batteries of some kind. Electrical power fills the modern world with artificial light and sound, information and entertainment, remote sensing and control.