4.3.1 Series and parallel circuits |
(a) Kirchhoff's second law; the conservation of energy |
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| (b) Kirchhoff's first and second laws applied to electrical circuits |
(c) total resistance of two or more resistors in series;
R = R1 + R2 .... |
(d) total resistance of two or more resistors in parallel;
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 ... |
(e) analysis of circuits with components, including both series and parallel |
(f) analysis of circuits with more than one source of e.m.f. |
4.3.2 Internal resistance
|
(a) source of e.m.f.
internal resistance |
|
(b) terminal p.d.; 'lost volts' |
(c) (i) the equations
ε = I(R + r) and ε = V + Ir |
(c) (ii) techniques and procedures used to determine the internal resistance of a chemical cell or other source of e.m.f.
|
Investigating the internal resistance of a power supply. |
4.3.3 Potential dividers |
(a) potential divider circuit with components |
Learners will also be expected to know about a potentiometer as a potential divider. |
(b) potential divider circuitswith variable components e.g. LDR and thermistor |
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(c) (i) potential divider equations e.g.
Vout = (R2/(R1 + R2)) x Vin
and
V1/V2 = R1/R2 |
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| (c) (ii) techniques and procedures used to investigate potential divider circuits which may include a sensor such as a thermistor or an LDR. |
Designing temperature and light sensing circuits. |
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