Topic Menu

Cyber-chess a chess instruction site

Choice of radionuclide for an imaging study

The radioisotope must be suitable for labelling a chemical compound that performs a function in the organ to be examined. Isotopic labelling involves replacing an identical atom with that of a radioactive isotope and this is ideal because it will not cause a pharmacological response (or even be toxic). If non-isotopic labelling is employed it is necessary to introduce not only the tracer but also non-radioactive compounds of the same type to 'bulk' the solution as such a tiny amount of radioactive isotope is employed - pharmacological response is then important.
 

Alpha (a)
Beta (b)
Gamma (g)
Structure and origin
Helium nucleus emitted from radioactive nucleus
Electron that emanates from the nucleus of a radioactive atom
High-energy electromagnetic wave emitted from nucleus of an atom (usually as it rearranges itself after ejection of a or b particles).
Charge
+2
-1
Zero
Mass (u)
4
1/1836
Zero
Probability of highly localised ionisation

within human tissue

Very very great (never used for imaging or radiotherapy for this reason)

Quality Factor = 10

Great (not used for imaging but can be used for radiotherapy)
Low

(beam needs to be specially targeted on an area so that it keeps passing through that point for radiotherapy)

Suitability for nuclear imaging
Very unsuitable
Unsuitable except for superficial skin or eye uses
Ideal

 

Type of radiation emitted is very important, the best is a pure gamma emitter. Gamma emission often follows closely on a or b emission making the isotope unsuitable. Also the nucleus should not be likely to emit a or b after emission of the g ray either, so decay to the next atom in the chain should involve a long half-life. The energy of the g-ray emitted should be suitable for viewing with a gamma-camera (energy range 100 - 400 keV gives optimum detection, is easy to collimate and has low attenuation in the body).

The physical half-life should be ideally a few hours so that activity is high enough for the investigation to be carried out but then rapidly drops, enabling the patient to quickly resume normal life. The patient also avoids receiving a high dose of radiation.

Examples of specific radionuclides used in clinical measurements

 

An ideal and very commonly used tracer is technicium 99m