Rules for drawing ray diagrams

You should be able to construct the following diagrams:

Convex lens: object at 2F, object between F and 2F, object at F , object between P and F and object beyond 2F

Concave lens: object at 2F, object between F and 2F, object at F and object between P and F

You MUST draw these properly - construct them! - sketches will not do!

Use a ruler and a sharp pencil.

There are three basic rules to construct an image in an optical diagram:

1	Rays that pass through the pole of the lens are undeviated.
2	Rays that are travelling parallel to and near to the principal axis pass through the principal focus after refraction by the lens (for a convex lens) and appear to emanate from the principal focus (draw in dotted lines) for a concave lens.
3	The converse is true, in that rays passing through (or emanating from) the principal focus emerge parallel on the other side of the lens.

You start off by drawing the principal axis. This is the horizontal line from which you construct your diagram. Then draw in the lens symbol - in the centre of that line at right angles to it - and mark in F, P and 2F (these must be drawn to scale!).

Place the object (represented by an arrow pointing to the POINT that you are using for the object - it is NOT the arrow - you are showing rays from a point forming an image of a point - the arrow goies to the point from the principal axis) a measured distance from the lens (the height and distance must be to scale- althought vertical and horizontal scales can be different). We use an arrow because it shows us which way up the image is!

Draw the three rays as instructed above - the point where they cross is the real image. If they diverge then trace back with a dashed line to the virtual image point. The animations show you how to do this.

Animated examples of how to draw the diagrams

I'll get there soon!

Convex Lens: Object at F	Convex Lens
Convex Lens: Object at 2F	Convex Lens
Convex Lens: Object between F and P	Convex Lens
Convex Lens: Object between F and 2F	Convex Lens
Convex Lens: Object beyond 2F	Convex Lens

Useful definitions

a converging lens makes the rays come to a real focus (cross at a point) it is called a CONVEX lens
a diverging lens makes the rays appear to be spreading out from a point on the opposite side of the lens (cross at a virtual point) it is called a CONCAVE lens
The principal axis is the line from which all measurements are made in an optical diagram. It is a horizontal line that passes through the paole of the lens or mirror.
The principal focus of a convex lens (sometimes called the focal point) it is the point on the principal axis, through which rays of light, travelling near to and parallel to the principal axis, pass after refraction by the lens.
The principal focus of a concave lens (sometimes called the focal point) it is the point on the principal axis, from which rays of light, travelling near to and parallel to the principal axis, apear to diverge from after refraction by the lens. (they can be traced back through this point.
The focal length of a lens is the distance between the pole of the lens and the principal focus. If the lens has a real focus then the focal length is positive. If it has a virtual focus it is negative.
The power of a lens is the reciprocal (1 divided by the number 1/f) of the focal length in metres. It is measured in dioptres (D). The sign of the power will be the same as the sign of the focal length.