The EYE: Photosensitive cells |
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Nerve fibres lie on the surface of the retina. Light must penetrate this layer before activating the photosensitive cells beneath.The photosensitive cells are packed very closely together and are light-sensitive along their length; therefore the eye can focus simultaneously on objects between infinity and about five metres, without adjustment of the lens (without accommodation). There are two types of photosensitive cells - rods and cones. The photons absorbed cause light-sensitive chemicals in the those cells to decompose and this stimulates electrical impulses in the associated nerve fibres leading to the brain. The size of the voltage produced indicates the intensity of light falling on them (the number of photos per second). The electrical signals produced are passed along the optic nerve, through to the visual cortex of the brain where the information is assimilated into visual information. The left hand visual cortex processes data from the left hand side of both the left and right eyes and the right hand visual cortex processes data from the right hand side of both the left and right eyes . There are two classes of photosensitive cells:
The graph below shows the approximate contribution to overall cone absorption from the three groups, and illustrates why greens and yellows are normally perceived to be brighter colours than deep blues or reds.
For example, monochromatic light of wavelength 610 nm stimulates the red cones to a 'stimulus value' of 75%, the green cones to 13% and the blue cones to 0%. The brain then interprets the stimulus ratios 75:13:0 as an orangy red, You can use the graph to determine what response each part of the spectrum gives - monochromatic stimulation. (See the basic level notes on colour vision for a simple explanation of how this allows us to see a range of coloured hues that are not in the spectrum). For details of how we process images - including persistence of vision - click here. See a sample question - Q7 on this page of past paper questions. |
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