Nerve fibres lie on the surface of the retina. Light must penetrate this layer before activating the photosensitive cells beneath.The photosensitive cells are packed very closely together and are light-sensitive along their length; therefore the eye can focus simultaneously on objects between infinity and about five metres, without adjustment of the lens (without accommodation).

There are two types of photosensitive cells - rods and cones. The photons absorbed cause light-sensitive chemicals in the those cells to decompose and this stimulates electrical impulses in the associated nerve fibres leading to the brain. The size of the voltage produced indicates the intensity of light falling on them (the number of photos per second).

The electrical signals produced are passed along the optic nerve, through to the visual cortex of the brain where the information is assimilated into visual information. The left hand visual cortex processes data from the left hand side of both the left and right eyes and the right hand visual cortex processes data from the right hand side of both the left and right eyes .

There are two classes of photosensitive cells:

Rods (for black and white - monochrome vision)

are cylindrical in shape

do not register colour

operate at low light intensities and

share neural pathways to the brain.

Rods are responsible for vision in dim light (night, twilight or scotopic vision).

They contain the light-sensitive pigment rhodopsin.

On exposure to light, rhodopsin is bleached, first yellow then clear, thereby stimulating the rod cell and its associated nerve cells. Bleached rhodopsin is rapidly restored to its original condition by an enzymatic process requiring vitamin A derived from the blood supply in the choroid.

Although the rods do not supply any information concerning colour, they are not equally sensitive to all wavelengths, displaying maximum absorption in the green (500-580 nm) region of the spectrum, at about 510nm.

Cones (for high detail, colour vision)

are conical in shape,

discriminate colour,

are stimulated only by fairly high light intensities and

have less sharing of nerve fibres, particularly near the foveal region.

 

Cones are responsible for the more acute vision experienced in ordinary daylight conditions (colour or photopic vision). They contain light-sensitive proteins - photopsins and a retinene and, as in the rods, a bleaching process initiates the nerve impulse.

There are three types of cone in the retina:

a red-sensitive cone (or 'red cone') in the visible long wavelength range (L), containing the pigment erythrolabe; they account for about 64% of the total cones in the eye

a green-sensitive cone (or 'green cone') in the visible mid-range of wavelengths (M), containing the pigment chlorolabe; they account for about 32% of the total cones in the eye

a blue-sensitive cone (or 'blue cone') in the short wavelength range, containing the pigment cyanolabe; they account for only 2-6% of the total cones in the eye

Each cone type detects a different range of wavelength. Between them, they discern all wavelengths from about 380 nm to 760 nm, producing the greatest sensitivity at around 555 nm.

The graph below shows the approximate contribution to overall cone absorption from the three groups, and illustrates why greens and yellows are normally perceived to be brighter colours than deep blues or reds.

The information from these three cone types allows us to see the full range of colours as each colour stimulates the three cones in a different combination. Using the re-scaled absorption curves below helps us to understand the brain's interpretation of colour.

For example, monochromatic light of wavelength 610 nm stimulates the red cones to a 'stimulus value' of 75%, the green cones to 13% and the blue cones to 0%. The brain then interprets the stimulus ratios 75:13:0 as an orangy red, You can use the graph to determine what response each part of the spectrum gives - monochromatic stimulation.

(See the basic level notes on colour vision for a simple explanation of how this allows us to see a range of coloured hues that are not in the spectrum).

For details of how we process images - including persistence of vision - click here.

See a sample question - Q7 on this page of past paper questions.